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Objective: To investigate the anatomical characteristics of the parathyroid lymphatic system and the mechanism of the"negative development"of the carbon nanoparticles for parathyroid gland in thyroidectomy.Methods:This retrospective study used parathyroid tissue samples from patients that were obtained from archival records in the pathology department,including 45 cases of normal parathyroid gland tissues that were accidentally resected in thyroidectomy,10 cases of parathyroid adenomas,and 7 cases of parathyroid carcinoma.Ten cases of normal thyroid tissues were selected as positive control.Immunohistochemistry was performed using the antibodies specific for lymphatic endothelium,such as D2-40 and LYVE-1,and antibodies specific for vascular endothelial cell such as CD31 and CD34,to distinguish them from each other.Results:A total of 62 parathyroid glands samples were stained with vas-cular markers CD31,CD34 and lymphatic markers D2-40,LYVE-1 respectively(partial samples were stained unsuccessfully).Vascular vessels in the CD31 staining group were detected in 50 of 58 examined glands and the positive rate was 86.2%.In the CD34 staining group,positive rate was 100%(60/60).The positive cells were found in the central,periphery and vascular hilum of the glands.Howev-er,lymph vessels in the D2-40 staining group were detected from 17 out of 59 examined glands,with the positive rate of 28.8%;In the LYVE-1 staining group,positive rate was 39.6%(23/58).The positive cells were found in the membrane or vascular hilum,less frequent or undetectable in the central portion.Conclusions:Most of the parathyroid glands of adults might lack a lymphatic network.Only a few adult parathyroid glands had minority lymph vessels,and these lymphatics generally localized at the membrane area or in the vas-cular hilum, which could be one of the main and anatomical mechanisms resulting in drainage failure or obstruction of carbon nanoparticles and thus in parathyroid"negative development."
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Objective To investigate the expressions of LYVE-1 and PROX-1 in human breast carcinoma and the clinical significance of lymphatic vessel density.Methods Immunohistochemistry (SP method)was used to detect the expressions of LYVE-1 and PROX-1 in 80 specimens of breast invasive ductal carcinoma and 35 specimens of breast hyperplasia.Results The density of lymphatic vessels positive for LYVE-1 or PROX-1 was significantly higher in breast carcinoma than in breast hyper-plasia (P<0.01).There was a significant correlation between lymphatic vessel density and lymph node metastasis (P<0.01). A negative correlation was noted between the PROX-1 expression in carcinoma cells and tumor grade (P<0.01)or TNM stage (P < 0.01 ).Conclusion Lymphangiogenesis is increased in breast carcinoma,which is associated with lymph node metastasis.PROX-1 may be involved in tumorigenesis,progression and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer.
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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the expression of VEGF-C (vascular endothelial growth factor-C) and LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial HA receptor-1) mRNA in human breast cancer, and to compare the expression of VEGF-C protein and VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA with the clinico-pathological outcomes. METHODS: RT-PCR was carried on the VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA drawn from three samples of adjacent normal breast tissues, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and 39 breast cancer tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was done to detect the expression of VEGF-C protein in 39 cancer tissues and in 5 benign tissues with using well preserved, paraffin embedded tissues. The clinico-pathological findings were retrospectively reviewed for menopausal status, lymphatic invasion, hormonal status, the expression of p53 and c-erbB2. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of VEGF-C mRNA in 22 of 39 (56.4%) and LYVE-1 mRNA in 19 of 39 breast cancer tissues (48.7%). The expression of VEGF-C mRNA was positive in all cases except for one in LYVE-1 mRNA positive case, this revealed good correlation between the two molecules. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that VEGF-C protein was expressed only in the breast cancer cells, with specific VEGF-C staining evident in 10 of 39 (25.6%). There was no significant correlation between VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA expressions and the other pathologic variables. However, VEGF-C protein expression was negative in the group with a postmenopausal status, positive estrogen receptor and negative c-erbB2 significantly. CONCLUSIONS: VEGF-C mRNA seems to be related to the lymphangiogenetic marker-LYVE-1 mRNA and the amplification of the VEGF-C may be correlated with some clinico-pathological factors in the breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Cell Line , Estrogens , Paraffin , Retrospective Studies , RNA, Messenger , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor CABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the expression of VEGF-C (vascular endothelial growth factor-C) and LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial HA receptor-1) mRNA in human breast cancer, and to compare the expression of VEGF-C protein and VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA with the clinico-pathological outcomes. METHODS: RT-PCR was carried on the VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA drawn from three samples of adjacent normal breast tissues, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and 39 breast cancer tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was done to detect the expression of VEGF-C protein in 39 cancer tissues and in 5 benign tissues with using well preserved, paraffin embedded tissues. The clinico-pathological findings were retrospectively reviewed for menopausal status, lymphatic invasion, hormonal status, the expression of p53 and c-erbB2. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of VEGF-C mRNA in 22 of 39 (56.4%) and LYVE-1 mRNA in 19 of 39 breast cancer tissues (48.7%). The expression of VEGF-C mRNA was positive in all cases except for one in LYVE-1 mRNA positive case, this revealed good correlation between the two molecules. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that VEGF-C protein was expressed only in the breast cancer cells, with specific VEGF-C staining evident in 10 of 39 (25.6%). There was no significant correlation between VEGF-C, LYVE-1 mRNA expressions and the other pathologic variables. However, VEGF-C protein expression was negative in the group with a postmenopausal status, positive estrogen receptor and negative c-erbB2 significantly. CONCLUSIONS: VEGF-C mRNA seems to be related to the lymphangiogenetic marker-LYVE-1 mRNA and the amplification of the VEGF-C may be correlated with some clinico-pathological factors in the breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Cell Line , Estrogens , Paraffin , Retrospective Studies , RNA, Messenger , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor CABSTRACT
Objective To study the human lymphangiogenesis in the early stage of embryo and the expression of forkhead box C2(FOXC2) in human lymphangiogenesis.Methods Lymphatic vessel endothelial haluronic acid receptor-1(LYVE-1) was used as the special marker of lymphatic vessels.Immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expressions of FOXC2 and LYVE-1 in lymphatic vessels of 85 human embryos of 5 to 11 weeks pregnancy and analyze the features of lymphatic vessel genesis and development.Results LYVE-1 was initially detected in lymphatic vessels in 7-week human embryos.The lymphatic vessel endothelial cells presented brown staining for LYVE-1 in jugular and thoracic region.LYVE-1 was also found to express in human embryonic mesentery lymphatic vessels on the 70th day of pregnancy.The expression of FOXC2 in human embryo was detected prior to that of LYVE-1.At the beginning of the 6th week of pregnancy,FOXC2 was obviously seen in human embryonic mesoderm mesenchyme.FOXC2 expressed not only in human embryonic lymphatic vessels,but also in the vertebral body,cardiovascular wall and other tissues.The expressions of FOXC2 and LYVE-1 were still seen in human embryonic lymphatic vessel endothelial cells after 80 days of pregnancy.Conclusion Lymphangiogenesis of human embryo begins between the 7th and 8th weeks of pregnancy.FOXC2 and LYVE-1 could have some relation with the human embryonic lymphatic vessel genesis and development.